Essay on The Negative Effects of Violent Video Games on...

â€Å"Life is a video game. No matter how good you get, you are always zapped in the end† (â€Å"Video Game Quotes† 1). Over time researchers, psychiatrists, and parents have often wondered how damaging violent video games can be to the youth in society. This is an important matter to people with children in their personal lives or work environment. These games have become a large risk factor for aggressive behavior in children. Researchers have been saying that video games do affect adults as well; however, they have even more effect on younger brains in early development. Video games have negative effects on childrens’ behavior. Some effects that video games have are reduced academic performance, aggression, obesity, and emotional disorder.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"High-school students who report spending more time playing video games or who report spending more money on video games had poorer grades in English classes† (Gentile, Lynch, Linder, Walsh 2). All young minds that play video games longer than the average time start to show a poor performance in school. These children start to think more about the video games they are watching and playing every day, rather than doing their homework and studying for tests. Aggression â€Å"Recent contents analyses of video games show that many as 89% of games contain some violent contents† (Gentile, Lynch, Linder, Walsh 3). More than half of video games being sold around the world contain some form of violence. All of the violence involved in the video games being played by children is a pattern leading to aggression. Aggression can be caused by many things; however, violent video games are the main cause of aggression in young adults. â€Å"If a child began playing violent video games at a young age, then he might think that violence in real life is the same as the game violence and that it doesn’t have a real impact on others† (Gilad, Alto 1). Thinking that violence in the virtual world is the same as in the real world is the first step to showing aggression. Aggression in children caused by video games is the biggest effect parents and researchers worry about. Violent video games teach children that shooting and killing people areShow More RelatedViolent Video Games : Positive And Negative Effects On Children And Adolescents774 Words   |  4 Pagesgaming systems, violent video games have become well-liked by children and adolescents. The playing of violent video games has always been a controversial topic, but in recent years it has become a heated debate. Whether the playing of these games desensitize the player or not. Video games have been around since the late 1970s, however violent video games were introduced in the 1990s. In recent years the violence in games have increased along with the enhanced graphics making the games more realisticRead MoreEffects of Violent Video Games on Children Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Violent Video Games on Children The use of video games has become tremendously popular among children and adolescents in the past decade. In fact, â€Å"Sixty-eight percent of U.S. households play computer or video games.† (David Jenkins, 2009) This statistic reveals how important it is to understand the effects that these games can have on individuals and more specifically, children. Over the years, numerous studies have been conducted investigating whether video games have positiveRead MoreThe True Cause Of Violent Behaviors1613 Words   |  7 PagesThe True Cause of Violent Behaviors in Today s Society There are volumes of media that are starting to harm the world in which we live. They have been linked to fourteen mass murders (Fletcher). Nine out of the top ten selling games have been labeled as violent and 42% of adolescents play them (â€Å"Children and Video Games†). These violent video games are a major problem in the United States and across the globe. Violent video games have a direct correlation with negative behaviors because they increaseRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Violent Video Games1534 Words   |  7 Pagescreation of violent video games. But, we can prevent the distribution of these disturbing games to children, where their effects can be negative.† (Kohl, Herb). Violent video games have been blamed for children poor school performance, mental development, and aggressive behavior; there are many studies conducted by different psychologists and experts in the area, and they came up with different results. Most people and studies believe that children a re the primary victim of violent video games, and peopleRead MoreEng 1011630 Words   |  7 PagesViolence in Music Videos and Music Lyrics has a negative impact on children. Music videos that expose profanity and sexuality are inappropriate and leave a negative impression on young children. Violence in music videos can cause health problem. Music videos that promote negative lyrics are affecting young children. Music lyrics with vulgar languages affect the development and well-being of young children. For example, the study author (Stone, 2009) found â€Å"that music with explicit referencesRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Children s Behavior1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe effect of violent video games on children’s behavior has been the major concern of numerous researchers over the last several decades. Indeed, a great number of researches conducted by psychologists show that regular exposure to violent video games has both long-term and short-term n egative effects on a player’s behavior. Aggressiveness and lack of empathy are considered to be two main outcomes of constant playing games with violent content. However, it should be noted that the content is notRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Violent Video Games Essays1274 Words   |  6 Pagessociety, and technology. All of these improvements have brought with them positive effects. Warfare has allowed oppressed people to rule themselves; medicine has saved countless lives with vaccines and treatment programs; education of societies has allowed people to make their dreams come true; and, advancements in technology have made the previous three possible. With these positive effects also come negative effects, which are seen on a grand scale. Advancement in warfare has caused numerous deathsRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Video Games Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesVideo games began in the late 1960s. It is highly interactive but also a distinct simulation of the real world and the world of thinking. In recent years, Video games have been gaining its popularity at an amazing rate and have developed into a common form of entertainment in peoples lives. According to a survey, the researcher found that in 1992, approximately ninety-two percent of U.S. kids between 2 and 17 years of age play video games, and their parents bought 225 million of them last year toRead MoreVideo Games Positive And Negative Effects1317 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract In recent years, video games have played an important role in the field of education and in treating psychological patients. Video games are a form of self-indulgence, which often provide unique and engaging environments that train players to think fast and resourcefully. With the right design and mechanics, they can facilitate learning and cognitive thinking in diverse levels .Computer games can be used in children with mental health issues, psychological disorders and in chronic disordersRead MoreViolent Games And Violent Video Games1122 Words   |  5 PagesAs video game images become increasingly more realistic and graphic. Therefore, is there any link between the violence depicted in those games and violence in real life? Students are the main group people who played violent video games very often. Also, losing a game causes many people to have a negative impact. Last, the attitudes on violent game and antisocial. Games are everywhere around us, such as cellphones, televisions, or computers, but violent games are the most popular type of game. The

Anorexia and Bulimia Essay - 1865 Words

Bulimia Nervosa I sat there staring in the mirror filled with disgust at the figure on the other end. I thought â€Å" another day, another day living and thinking of nothing else but the way that I look naked, the way I look with clothes on, and the way other people look at me.† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I was 17 years old when I began to have the premature symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa. I was a cheerleader for a national competition squad, and was worried about being able to tumble to my full potential because of the extra weight that I was carrying. But more importantly I was uncomfortable with the way I felt with myself. I had a low self-esteem and was constantly worried about what others thought of me. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I†¦show more content†¦An episode usually begins with a binge, A binge is defined as eating in a discrete period of time an amount of food that is definitely larger than most individuals would eat under similar circumstances, (American Psychiatric Association, p.545). This would not include eating small amounts of food all day. The binge is typically triggered by dysphoric mood states, interpersonal stressors, intense hunger following dietary restraint, or feelings related to body weight, body shape, and food, (American Psychiatric Association, p.546). Some say that binge eating is accompanied by a sense of lack of control you have in your life, and in my case this was exactly right. There is a sense that you have no control over your life and everything involved in it, so to compensate for the lack of control you have. You try to control your weight and you’re eating habits. Some individuals with Bulimia Nervosa have described a binge as a fe eling of dissociation, from their lives and everything around them. They have set their life at that time around their episode and think of nothing else. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The binge it self will often last until the Individual is either uncomfortable or even to the point that they are painfully full. The American Psychiatric Association notes that during a binge the foods that are consumed varies; however, it typically includes sweets, and or highShow MoreRelatedAnorexia and Bulimia Essay819 Words   |  4 Pagesbecame more concerned with their weight. Perfection and appearances became everything. When being slim became crucial, women, and even men could do everything to fit in this new trend. This includes becoming victims of eating disorders like Bulimia and Anorexia Nervosa. These disorders started in people after their restricted diet. They became obsessed with the idea of perfection and beauty. They are extremely concerned with their weights and body images. These girls—and even some men—want to lookRead More Anorexia and Bulimia Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pagesadolescent girls develops anorexia nervosa, a dangerous condition in which they can literally starve themselves to death. Another two to three percent develop bulimia nervosa, a destructive pattern of excessive overeating followed by vomiting or other quot; purging quot; behaviors to control their weight. These eating disorders also occur in men and older women, but much less frequently. The consequences of eating disorders can be severe. For example, one in ten anorexia nervosa leads to death fromRead More Anorexia and Bulimia Essay1116 Words   |  5 Pages Anorexia and Bulimia: A Concise Overview nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As many as 20% of females in their teenage and young adult years suffer from anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa (Alexander-Mott, 4). Males are also afflicted by these eating disorders, but at a much lower rate, with a female to male ratio of six to one. Those with anorexia nervosa refuse to maintain a normal body weight by not eating and have an intense fear of gaining weight. People with bulimia nervosa go through periodsRead MoreBulimia and Anorexia Essay1062 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia is rooted in both nature and nurture. The nature and nurture are sometimes based on the bad genes of the father and the mother. The bad genes produce faulty neurotransmitters and circuits.(â€Å"Case†) The biological underpinnings are only part of anorexia the mechanics is careful not to dismiss the point of the studies to culture and psychological issues of and catalysts for eating disorders. (â€Å"Case†) The studies are put together. This teenage girl in Fijian caused bad eating disorders in justRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia And Bulimia1676 Words   |  7 Pagesthe leading mental illnesses in America are Anorexia and Bulimia. Both Anorexia and Bulimia are similar in the fact that they are highly popular in today’s world where it seems that physical appearance is always a topic of discussion; however, the two illnesses are different in the effects they have to a person’s body. To begin, Anorexia is the act of starving oneself due to an unhealthy obsession with one’s weight. Many girls who struggle with anorexia have an intense irrational fear of being overweightRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1452 Words   |  6 Pagestwo major types of eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. One of the descriptions of anorexia nervosa was during the 12th and 13th centuries. A woman, Saint Catherine of Siena, ceased her intake of food for a spiritual denial of herself. During the 16th century people who had self-discipline and practiced abstention were suspected to be witches and were burned at the stake. In the 17th century all the way through the 19th century anorexia was perceived to be an endocrine disorderRead MoreEssay on Anorexia and Bulimia1661 Words   |  7 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bulimia Nervosa [also known as Bulimia] is a very serious and dangerous eating disorder. The disorder can be describe as bingeing and then followed by purging or a person who eats a large amount of food in short periods of time and then vomits after eating to prevent on gaining the weight cause by the food. There is different ways of going about ways to prevent the weight gain, making oneself throw up, taking pills, or laxatives whichRead MoreBulimia Nervos Anorexia Nervosa2594 Words   |  11 PagesBulimia Nervosa Bulimia originated in Greece, from the word boulimia, which is defined as extreme hunger (the Bella Vita, 2013). Bulimia falls into the category of being a purge disorder, a lot of the time people that struggle with bulimia may have times where they battle with anorexia nervosa, meaning they restrict themselves from eating. There have been so many cases where people battle with bulimia for years upon years, despite the large variety of treatment there is. There are many perspectivesRead MoreAnorexia Vs. Bulimia Nervosa1200 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia vs. Bulimia In our culture today, people concerned with the way they look to a high extent, how much they weight, their physical appearances and how to change a body part they do not like. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are eating disorders that affect a person’s weight to an extreme due to wanting to be thinner when in reality they are already thin to the bone. Both disorders have their similarities and differences from their main obsession of body weight to how they try to loseRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1122 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are a few of the most common disorders struggled with today. Anorexia Nervosa is a condition of the intense fear to gain weight, which results in consistent lack of eating. Bulimia Nervosa, involves frequent episodes of binge eating followed by throwing up because of fear of gaining weight. The mortality rate for anorexia is the highest of all mental disorders yet the genetic factors relating them wer e not a huge concern to look into. It is easy to think that

Ethics in Research Methods in Information

Question: Discuss about the Ethics in Research for Methods in Information. Answer: Ethics plays vital role at the time of conducting research project. Researchers need to carry out the research issues in ethical ways by avoiding further copy of assignment by other authors (Kono, 2012). Researchers should maintain authenticity of research information while collecting the data from secondary sources such as academic books, websites as well as journals at the same time. Researchers need to use ethical means for collection of data. They will be caught under Data Protection Act if any information is misused at the time of research activities (Pickard, 2012). Alzheimers disease can be considered as a progressive disease that is a fundamental cause of dementia. Current medications as well as management policies might improve the symptoms and this can help people with Alzheimers disease to optimize function and sustain independence. As there is no cure for the disease Alzheimer, it is important for clinics such as Mayo Clinic to treat the patients with care and provide sup portive services. Mayo Clinic, the Minnesota based non-profit medical practice as well as medical research group that serve worldwide adopts different ethical code of conduct for treating different difficult case in the healthcare sector. For Instance: Current real-life examples of an ethical research project Figure: Ethical Research Project of mayo Clinic (Source: Pickard, 2012) From the above figure, it has been stated regarding the project undertaken by Mayo Clinic for treatment of challenging critical illnesses such as Alzheimer that has no cure. This company had used ethical means for handling the business operations in desired way. Reference List Kono, N. (2012). Ethics in research.The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Pickard, A. (2012).Research methods in information. Facet publishing.

Music Lyrics Today Essay Example For Students

Music Lyrics Today Essay No matter what the motive behind the explicitness of popular music, there are social implications. Many sociological studies have been performed to test how explicit music affects the brain, in particular aggressive behavior. Government officials and protest groups have fought for censorship legislation and prohibition of the sales of such music. Daniel Levities (2006) claims, As a tool for arousing feelings and emotions, music is better than language. It is probable that music with negative or angry motives could arouse feelings of aggression Just as sad song brings a tear to your eye. Music affects the brain in ways that are trying to be understood. One major subject of that investigation is how aggressive music affects brain function. What we attempt to investigate in this paper is the effect of explicit lyrics on society. To do this, we decided to focus on four specific areas in which such music affects society: drug subculture, aggression towards women, legal legislation, and censorship. Although drug subcultures have long been part of American society, the concept has been popularized over the past several decades through various media outlets. The most notable and widely covered of these is the music industry. The definition of a drug subculture is difficult to find in any official dictionary or encyclopedia; however Wisped (2007) defines it as groups of people loosely united by a common understanding of the meaning and value (good or otherwise) of the incorporation into life of the drug in question. The article goes on to discuss how such groups can take many different forms, whether it be a small group of friends who take a drug together or full-scale political and social movements concerning drug reform. A drug culture is said to be the product of combining all of these drug subcultures together. Additionally, there are many different drug subcultures, which stem from the use of separate drugs. For example, the subculture surrounding cannabis use is much larger and different than that of crystal meet users. The division of subcultures arises due to the different kinds of experiences users have, the stigma attached to the drug, as well as the various problems each drug possesses or the users encounter. Different drug subcultures are most often shown in the media via popular music, most notably hip-hop and alternative/punk rock in todays society. However, the concept of drugs strong correlation with music is not unique to the current generation. Whether it is a certain musicians use of drugs or Just lyrics bout them, drugs and music have gone hand-in-hand for decades. Early rock stars such as Elvis Presley and Johnny Cash were both addicted to speed and other uppers. Americas cultural revolution in the sass spawned an entire genre of Joplin and Jim Hendrix. The Battles, arguably the most popular band of all time, wrote lyrics riddled with drug references such as Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds, which has been long believed to be about LSI. The advent of Jam bands, such as Phips, created a second drug revolution where individuals continued to listen to music while on drugs in order to achieve higher states of being or have out of body experiences. The sass continued to be defined by psychedelic bands, such as Pink Floyd, and songs like Eric Claptraps Cocaine, which speaks for itself regarding the guitarists drug use in the decade. The disco era, which spanned from the late sass through the early sass, was defined by heavy drug use, in particular cocaine. The hair bands of the sass, such as Van Helen and Guns N Roses, became notorious for their excessive school and drug abuse. Many of the sass most promising musicians lives were cut short by drug induced deaths. Although the most famous musician death of the decade was the suicide of Nirvanas Kurt Jacobin, it has been widely reported that he was using heroin heavily due to his depression and inability to cope with fame. Other famous sass musicians, such as Shannon Hon. of Blind Melon or Brad Newell of Sublime, died of cocaine and heroin overdoses, respectively. Keith Richards, the lead guitarist for the Rolling Stones, has become one of the worlds most famous drug icons for his self-admitted heavy use of numerous substances. A recent interview with published in NÉE Music Magazine, asserts that Richards took his dead fathers ashes and snorted them after mixing them with some cocaine (CNN News, 2007). Although Richards has disputed the claims as taken out of context, it is stories like these, which are about rock stars and their drug habits, that seem to capture the publics attention. Todays generation has etched itself into the drug/music timeline with the advent of clubs drugs such as Ecstasy, rave parties, and hip-hop music. In a story reported by CNN in February of 2001, London police officials were investigating whether rapper Amine instigated British youth to use Ecstasy at one of his shows in Manchester, England. Although no lawsuit was ever filed, the extent that rappers make illicit drug references in their years, such as Amines My mom smokes more dope than I do, clearly have an impact on todays society Although current drug lyrics are under more scrutiny than those in the past, the linkage between drugs and music is in no way a new concept. It has been going on for generations and will continue to exists for decades to come. Another effect of popular music is violent acts towards women. Often in music videos, women are portrayed as objects. Does Music Support Violence? EssayThe morning of he massacre, they listened to music by Marilyn Manson and others before heading to the school for the shooting. In response to connections such as these, research has been conducted to determine the effects of inappropriate lyrics in popular music. One thorough study examined what they called the precursors to aggression. The researchers found that listening to violent songs let to more aggressive interpretations of otherwise ambiguous situations and wording. The researcher looked at short- and long-term effects of such lyrics on the psyche of listeners. Regarding the short-term effects, he violent-song-inspired increases in aggressive thoughts and feelings can influence perceptions of ongoing social interactions (Anderson et al. , 2003). Long- term effects may contribute to the development of an aggressive personality (Anderson et al. , 2003). In either case, one can see how the consequences could indicate a more aggressive verbal or physical response to provocation, beginning a spiral of increasing aggressiveness toward social situations. This argument has been used before in attempts to create some sort of censorship of music on the radio. Parents fear for their impressionable children who cant seem to et enough of these inappropriate lyrics. Mandates have been set in place to help parents to regulate the kinds of music that their children listen to. Parental Advisory stickers are now required on the cover of albums containing offensive lyrics of any kind, be it violence, sexual content, or language. This concept of parental control has also been spread to media such as the television, where parents can control the shows that their children can watch. The relationship between music and personality development has been made, and has been used to regulate some of the exposure of hillier to these influences, however there is still debate whether it could stand up in court to take the blame for the actions of an angry teenager. Music, many people including parents, congressmen, teachers, and even the public in general, believe that something must be done to censor them. Censorship can take many forms such as parental advisory labels, banned concerts, banned cover art, rating systems, and legislative bills/laws. Not only is it thought that these lyrics are the cause of teenage violence, drug abuse, and aggression toward women, but also that they are an abomination to society as a whole. Censorship in music is a topic that has brought about much controversy for the past two decades, and although there are currently no censorship laws, many individual businesses, such as radio stations and retail stores, have taken extreme measures to make clear that they do not support crude, obscene, or vulgar lyrics in todays music. First of all, radio stations frequently require modern day rap and hip hop artists to record a clean version of songs that they want played on the radio. A good example is when Los Angels rapper Exhibit was preparing to release his latest single, Front 2 Back, and was told by his record label that the first verse including the lyrics Attract pitches like flies to sit/Pop pills and ride the dick/Inning cant swing this quick/lam dark McGuire/Banning sit over the fence with Reconciled could not be played on the radio (Diddle, 15). Exhibit was forced to record a cleaner version in order for the song to be aired, this time changing the above lyrics to: Candy paint automatic an stick/Rappers cant swing this quick/lam dark McGuire/Banning hits over the fence with Reconciled, (Diddle, 15). As one can see, the second version does not include any offensive language and is considered appropriate for the radio. Usually each radio station will have its own criteria of what they deem appropriate for public airing, and music television shows, such as MET and BET, have their own criteria as well. In addition to artists recording clean versions of their music, another measure thats being taken to ensure the censorship of offensive lyrics is the decision of many retail stores to not sell certain music. One retailer who has chosen this path is Wall- Mart, who will not sell any popular music compact discs that they find offensive Strauss, AH). All the CDC on Wall-Marts shelves are marked either clean, or edited, and the ones that arent have usually been altered from their original version. Also, Wall-Mart will require record labels to alter the artwork displayed on the front of albums in order to meet their criteria. Since Wall-Mart is the single largest seller of pop music in the country, Its refusal to stock albums with lyrics or cover art that it finds objectionable has long been a frustration for some customers, musicians and record-industry executives, (Strauss, AH). However, Because of Wall-Marts clout, cord labels and bands will design different covers and booklets, omit songs from their albums, electronically mask objectionable words and even change lyrics in order to gain a place on Wall-Marts shelves, (Strauss, AH).

Mind My Karaoke †Music Business Plan Essay Example

Mind My Karaoke – Music Business Plan Paper Executive sum-up Karaoke is a Free Web based Application Software for personal computer. Smart phones and tablets. it is Initially Designer for the Indian Music Industry where people are Interested in societal Networking and interacting with each other through assorted Mediums. Karaoke will look near to Social networking. with a Fresh and New construct of people doing their ain karaoke version of their favourite latest vocals from All Different languages all over India and portion it With their friends and Well wishers. utilizing it as an Recreational medium. With Increasing and Incredible Piracy rate in India Karaoke will assist The record Companies. Artists and the Consumers every bit good. We will write a custom essay sample on Mind My Karaoke – Music Business Plan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mind My Karaoke – Music Business Plan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mind My Karaoke – Music Business Plan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A Web based Application Software. where sharing Karaoke vocals and Interacting with friends is new and easy to accommodate and interesting every bit good. The Karaoke offers up to day of the month Original karaoke paths with good quality and voice modulating options for the recreational vocalist who use it as a diversion and Fun. The karaoke itself acts as an Social Networking Medium where it meets Facebook. Twitter and Sound Cloud which are one of the Top rated Social mediums in this coevals to do it more Interesting. Business Idea The Increasing Piracy rate in India. particularly in the Music Industry where 95 % of the Music Downloaded in India is claimed to be Illegal ( RIAA study – 2010 ) . India when Compared to the Other Countries unhappily remains in the top five. with a High buccaneering rate in the Film Industry. The Film Industry suffered loss of ? 450 476 000 ( INR 4000 00 00 000 ) due to Video and Audio buccaneering. There is drastic increasing degree of music buccaneering through Online and Offline twelvemonth by twelvemonth. where there is no mark of diminishing buccaneering rate. The Indian Film Industry is a turning Industry where the Numberss is on addition. India is the Largest manufacturer of movies harmonizing to the BBC study 2009. In 2009 India Produced 2961 movies on celluloid includes 1288 characteristic Films. The are more than 10 subdivisions in the Indian Film Industry which contains more than 10 linguistic communications of Films. i. e. Hindi. Tamil. Kannada. Malayalam. Telugu. Assamese. Bengali. Gujarati. Konkani. Marathi. Punjabi. Sindhi and many more. where each province has an alone Language of their ain. Minimum of 100 Movies each from the linguistic communications of Tamil. Telugu. Hindi. Malayalam and Kannada release in Cinema theaters every twelvemonth. 95 % of the Movies has Songs which is a typical feature of the Indian Film Industry. Each Movie releases a Music Album from the Movie itself incorporating a Minimum of 4 Paths which helps the growing of this merchandise. The Main advantage of KARAOKE is the increasing figure of people who use societal Networking and Applications for Recreations. Fun and remaining in Touch with Friends. India ranks Third in the World for Social Networking users. In India now it has become a Manner that people Express their Emotions in Public through Social Networking Thus karaoke would be an Entertaining application for them. The karaoke besides offers the Original versions of the Songs for Download at cheaper Monetary value where the Customer can purchase it after Listening to the prevue of the Songs. As the Application Software is designed for Mul ti platform it can be used in Smartphones and Tablets every bit good This makes the Application Portable and Fun to utilize it Wherever we are. The KARAOKE has an Unique Feature of Auto Voice tuning Option. where it helps to cut off Background and Ambience noises doing it easy for the Users and it besides Helps the Amateur Singers to Tune their Voice for Better Quality and Fun. It provides assorted Features likes gives a opportunity to Listen to the Original path for a Limited figure of times before Buying are entering the Karaoke Version. in each purchase of a Karaoke Track it offers a Free online Lyrics Script for that Song. where people can even alter the wordss as good. non it any manner of offering the Composer. Artist or the Record Labels. The KARAOKE has a new Approach towards the Music Industry where it Helps to Reduce Music Piracy in India. Where people can Buy the vocals Merely which they like at cheaper monetary value alternatively of Buying the Whole Album. KARAOKE soles the Purpose of Interest of the Consumers from All over India who likes Songs and likes to Sing vocals. This merchandise will Catch the Kids and Youngsters every bit good. Peoples in In India are connected to Internet and Social networking most of the Time. About 620 330 040 Facebook Users prevail in India Ranking the Third Highest Facebook Users state in the World. So Publishing and Sharing the Product through Facebook would assist and which would besides Prefer the Facebook. The Karaoke has a Separate Webpage which acts like an Social networking Website where people can wish and notice on others Karaoke vocals. give an Unique name for their Karaoke vocal and portion them on Facebook. chirrup and Sound cloud. Though KARAOKE is Unique in its ain Kind with different Approach towards Karaoke. There are Six Prevailing Competitors for KARAOKE Rivals 1. Meraghana. com 2. Redkaraoke. com 3. Taranaa. com 4. Desikaraokedownload. com 5. Karaokehindi. com 6. Latestbollywoodkaraoke. com SWOT analysis Strength – new invention towards karaoke – works both as societal networking and helps music industry from Piracy every bit good – low cost – latest vocals – sharing with friends – can be operated through Mobile Phone and Tablets every bit Well. |Weaknesses – original karaoke versions released can be pirated – vocals Piquing the Composer and Record labels can be made – thought can non be copyrighted | Opportunities – low cost options for individual vocals alternatively of purchasing the whole album – listen to the vocals for limited figure of times before the Download. |Threats – bing and new competition can originate with similar merchandises – cost of Web hosting and server infinite in Rise | 3. Background The Team Consists of Members with Knowledge of Music Industry in India. Music Engineers. Application and Server Maintainers. Software Developers. Me therefore holding rather a Good cognition about the Indian Music Industry and prosecuting Audio Production Course geting Knowledge in Both Artistic and Technical facets and holding cognition about the Karaoke Music Interests in India will work out the Purpose. Recognizing the Piracy menace and Detailed research how buccaneering affects the Indian Music Industry helps to convey up this Business Plan. For Additional aid and proficient Assistance People will be recruited in Future of the Business if Needed. The Team shall be Expanded in Future of the Merchandise when it goes Global when it is introduced in Other Countries. shall incur Help from the Countries Respectively for Further Assistance. 4. Ownership The Ownership of this Merchandise this Project would Belong to the Creator of this Product and the Financier of this Undertaking in 15 % and 85 % severally in the Net income Margin. where the Creator would be Developing the Merchandise with Different Ideas and new Inventions doing it Interesting for the Consumers. where the Record labels would hold Partnership with the Composers and Artists for Making the Karaoke Version. which is Simple with the Same Original Track without the Vocal musics and the Record Label will hold Royalty and Copyright Agreement with the Composer and Artists of the Songs. 5. Company Structure The Company Structure includes the Team and the Space for Suiting the Server and Technical Support. Though This will be an Free Application Software the Investors Play a Critical function and they Handle the Artists and Composers sing the Royalties for each vocal that is sold through the KARAOKE. 6. Team Once the Merchandise is Developed by the Developers for introduced in the Market. it needs Technicians for Trouble shot and farther proficient aid during the First 3 Months of the Product Launch where the Developers will be responsible for Screening it out harmonizing to the Agreement they Have with the Company. Software will be Further Developed and maintained depending upon the Increase in figure of Consumers. 5. THE Merchandise The Product KARAOKE is a web based Application Software for Pc. Mobile phones and Tablets. KARAOKE is an Application Software which acts like an Social Networking web where Consumers From India can Sing and do their Favorite Karaoke Songs from All Different Languages in India. The Cardinal Feature of this Product is Consumers have entree to utilize Up to day of the month Latest Karaoke vocals from more than 10 Different Languages in India. The Product is Economic when compared to the other Karaoke Web downloads in India. where Peoples can listen and take their Karaoke vocals before purchasing it. and they can Buy individual original versions of the Song they like instead purchasing the whole Album. KARAOKE has assorted Facilities where people can sing and pull strings their voice to do it better or Hilarious harmonizing to their wish. with Assorted Vocal Auto Tune Option. When They buy a Song from KARAOKE. they can sing the Original Lyrics where they would be given a free online Free Lyrics book for that vocal or they can do their Own Lyrics within the Footings and conditions. Where any Vulgarity or in offense to jurisprudence shall be instantly removed from the Web. Once they are Done with Recording the Song. they can Upload it merely one time through the Application. But they can maintain their Downloaded Karaoke version With them. Consumers will hold all entree to Training and Trials on the web page. When they Uploaded a Song. they can Upload it with different entering once more and so they have to purchase the Track once more for Uploading and they can’t Claim Copyright for their Lyrics or the Tracks. Any Unlawful Act by the Consumers will be taken to Account where they can go on utilizing the Product. When Peoples report Spams or any other Disrespectful to one another. the vocal shall be removed with farther Notice. KARAOKE allows the consumers to wish and notice on Others vocals and can Rate on others Songs. consumers can Upload their Songs on Facebook. Twitter. Sound cloud and on the Same KARAOKE web page every bit good. As KARAOKE web page Acts of the Apostless as a Social Networking web. consumers can call their Own vocals with the name they like and give a Description or Story For that vocals. Where they can show the memories of the vocals and Emotions through words. In The Initial Stage of the Karaoke From the Launch of the merchandise till it gets Familiar with the people. they get a Beneficial Package when they Invite people to the Product. they get free Songs and can do their free vocal and Share it. which helps the Product as a Promotion. KARAOKE is speedy to Access even on Mobile phones and Tablets where they all need is Internet and the Product. KARAOKE will be Introduced as Free Subscription Application Software. Where People acquire a Free Songs from latest and Up to day of the month vocals on the Web. which helps them to cognize about the Product and acquire Familiar with and they are allowed to Share the vocal. They following Benefit they Get is. As they Invite Peoples to the KARAOKE they get a Free Songs After Inviting 20 people as they Join they KARAOKE which makes it More Interesting for them and Which could assist them more to cognize about the merchandise. Where these Beneficial Schemes helps the Product’s Promotion and Marketing and makes it Familiar to the Younger coevals who are Active on Social Networking. KARAOKE will Act as a Fun and Recreational Element. KARAOKE will besides sell Original Versions of Up to Date vocals at Cheaper monetary value. which helps The Indian Music Industry to Fight Against Piracy. There are More than Hundred Websites which Offers illegal Download. which the Government wants to close down but the Numberss are still on addition and this Product would assist Fighting Against Piracy. Subsequently After doing the Merchandise Familiar the Product can be Redesigned to establish in different Countries. KARAOKE after a Steady success. will hold a Dealership will Mobile Networking Companies. because in India Many people use a installation called company Tune where people naming one another would listen to their Favorite vocal alternatively of the normal ring. where KARAOKE would offer that they can utilize their ain karaoke vocal which they made as their Caller Tune. this would do the Consumers more Interesting where they ever in a hunt of Something New. 6. Selling Plan Having cognition of Indian Music Industry and being cognizant of the High Piracy rate in India and the Attitude of the Indian Consumers who are Keen on seeking something which is new to the market and which helps to Interact with one another. friends and Family. This Would assist them as an Diversion and to remain in touch with each other in an Alone manner like of all time earlier. So we understand that people need something new which would assist them Forget Illegal Download and do them purchase Original paths and karaoke versions and do this as an amusement more interesting which already prevails but non rather popular. Here Kotler’s 4Ps of Marketing Help to Address a selling Strategy ( laid-back 2009 ) . Merchandise The Consumers want to Try something new when Merchandises like this Launches in the Market. They are connected to Social Networking most of the clip to remain in touch with One another. As Peoples in India are Music Lovers and Movie Lovers every bit good they would wish to seek this merchandise every bit good. KARAOKE is a merriment Filled Entertainment and Recreational solution for the People who Love music and love to do Music where they can buy Original paths. This Merchandise will hold a strong connexion with the Amateur vocalists chiefly. as they want to sing vocals and do it sound good merely where they are. and to portion it with friends. this will assist them to achieve what they need. KARAOKE is a simple and effectual Application in which they can do their vocal wherever they are. all they need is a personal computer or Mobile phone or tablet with internet connexion. Karaoke provides more Interesting options which would do it User friendly. Topographic point As KARAOKE is a Free Version Application Software. they can Directly Download it from the Web page or through Online Application stares of their Mobile phones and Tablets. After Downloading the Application. when they need to Buy Karaoke Songs and Original Songs. they can Buy it with their Recognition Card games and Debit Cards. which the Webpage would give proper Guidance. Another Important point of sale will be through Advertisement links on Facebook. chirrup and Sound Cloud. where people can fall in and buy the vocals on spell. No direct hard currency dealing would take topographic point. everything would travel through secured on-line debit and Credit card payment. Monetary value The Product is Very Cheap and Economic when compared to its Competitor although this is a new Innovation and unique of its Kind. The Application Software would be Absolutely Free with free Ascents as good. When KARAOKE is compared to it market rivals it is economic. where the viing web sites offer monthly and Annual bundle of ?15 and more. which are higher than the KARAOKE. where merely few Web sites offer individual vocal download which is Much more expensive than our Merchandise. To do it comfy for the Consumers KARAOKE offers individual vocals downloads at cheaper monetary value where if people are non likely interested any longer they don’t have to lose their money. KARAOKE offers Original Songs and Karaoke Version at the same Cost where each of them would be charged ?0. 11 ( INR = 10 ) which is the most inexpensive and sensible cost for a Path in the Indian Market. Where as iTunes sells each vocal at a cost of ?0. 14 ( INR = 12 ) . iTunes when compared to KARAOKE. it is moderately cheaper. As the this would be an attractive and inexpensive monetary value for the Consumers of the Indian Market. As the Competing Websites Offers Annual Packages. most of the Websites doesn’t Offer Latest vocals. which is more likely to be a draw back for their ain luck. where they are more like Coercing to Consumers to buy the Monthly or Annual Package. where as KARAOKE doesn’t gives the Consumers the Whole freedom where they can take what they would wish to Buy and Use. Promotion The Product will be Promoted in a Number of ways to Target the Younger coevals. These people Chiefly Include from the Age group of 16 – 35. where the Other Age Group Promotion would besides take topographic point. As the First Step of Promotion. The Application Software will be given as a Free Download where Peoples can research and understand about the Product. The Following measure would be that Each and Everyone who had joined the KARAOKE would be given a Free Karaoke Song of their ain pick which is Present on the Web. where people will now be allowed to see the Product and portion it with their Friends and acquire a good cognition about the Product. The following measure of publicity would be with Regional Celebrities from Different linguistic communications. will be making a karaoke version of a celebrated vocal and will be out on the Web and societal networking sites and their fan Pages. where it will be shared for publicity. this will assist the Product acquire popular. The Following Step would be. when people invite more than 20 people and as the invited people articulation. the Invite would acquire a free Song once more. This will increase the figure of users of the merchandise and makes it Quite popular among the Childs. Now KARAOKE would hold Enough users and they would get down wishing the merchandise as they Would get down Buying the vocals. Facebook. chirrup and Sound Cloud would play an Important Role in Promoting the Product as people make their Karaoke Song and portion it with their Friends Online. Ads on Social networking sites would take topographic point. As KARAOKE has new merriment filled Features like Auto Voice melody. Amusing effects. it is rather easy to acquire familiar and effectual with childs and Childs. Subsequently on After acquiring steady market and Consumers. KARAOKE will hold coaction withe Mobile Network Companies to utilize their ain vocals of the Consumers as their Caller Tunes. where we would acquire paid by the Mobile Network companies and they would be bear downing from the Consumers. As Each and Every hebdomad in India more than 2 Music Albums are released so people will be more Curious about doing new karaoke vocals and this will add up to their Entertainment. 7. Gross saless AND DISTRIBUTION Primary gross revenues would be through the Official Web page and Application shops of the Mobile Phones and Tablets. where Ads about new vocals and trades would be Published and shared through Social networking and the Followings in them. Ads about the release of new Albums and updates about Upcoming Songs would be done through the Official Webpage and Social networking. As Karaoke Acts as an Social Networking site it solves the Purpose. This would take quality clip to Get popular and effectual in the Market as this Involves people from Different provinces and Different Languages from India. As the Celebrity Advertisements would assist in Promoting the merchandise will assist the gross revenues of the merchandise in a period of Time. Distribution will be Done in the Web page and in Social Networking sites every bit good through Ads and information. where the Followers would acquire Up to day of the month information’s. Distribution will partially be done by the consumers every bit good as they do their vocal and portion it with others. which would be good for both the Consumers and the manufacturers. After a figure of people had acquired and history with KARAOKE. the following measure for the company would be upgrading the merchandise to do it functional for a big figure of people and doing it user-friendly after having feedback from the Consumers. 8. Rivals KARAOKE faces Competition in two Different ways. thought KARAOKE is a whole new different merchandise from their rivals. One manner of Competition would be through Existing Websites which are available for Karaoke vocals Downloads. The other manner of Competition would be through the Duplication of the Product and buccaneering of the Paths released through KARAOKE. There are Six chief viing web sites. which shall be stated below and compared with KARAOKE. 1. meraghana. com: which offers a Subscription Plan for $ 4. 95 ( INR = 270. 67. ? = 3. 05 ) a Month and $ 49. 95 ( INR = 2731. 27. ? = 30. 76 ) a twelvemonth for limitless use. The cost of this Product is really High for the Consumers as meraghana. com has really fer consumers. which doesn’t offer any new Songs and dressed ores on a Single linguistic communication from India and it does non offer any free add-ons like the Lyrics book and Movie Information’s. 2. Redkaraoke. com Which Offers a Subscription program for $ 2. 99 ( INR = 163. 49. ? = 1. 84 ) a Day. $ 6. 99 ( INR = 382. 21. ? = 4. 30 ) a Month and $ 39. 99 ( INR = 2186. 65. ? = 24. 63 ) a Year. where there rates are excessively high even for a individual twenty-four hours subscription and they do non offer any new vocals or sharing installations and there is no attention deficit disorder on to the Product as much. 3. Taranaa. com Which Offers a Annual Subscription for $ 20 ( INR = 1093. 60. ? = 12. 32 ) a twelvemonth. They do non offer any monthly Subscription or individual vocal Download options was KARAOKE does and they do non Offer any new vocals which disappoints the Consumers. and they do non offer different linguistic communications. 4. Desikaraokedownload. com it is a free karaoke vocals downloading Website. though it is illegal Downloads its Quite Popular where people can download the karaoke vocals and record it individually on their ain devices. where as the web site does non bring forth any installations for entering and Sharing the paths. As it is an illegal download there is no proper quality of the paths. 5. Karaokehindi. com Where Each Track Cost $ 5 ( INR = 273. 40. ? = 3. 08 ) which makes it excessively expensive for the consumers when compared to the other viing web sites. and they do non offer any monthly or annual subscriptions as the other web sites do. They offer merely old vocals and non the Latest paths which could catch the childs attending. 6. Latestbollywoodkaraoke. com This Website Offers up to day of the month karaoke paths. including the Latest releases for Free. but it is illegal Download where the vocals are non Copyrighted at all. The Tracks which they offer are manipulated hapless Quality paths. Though they provide latest vocals the do non supply any recording installations or sharing installations. SWOT analysis for KARAOKE when compared to its Rivals Strengths – Can be used in Mobile phones and Tablets excessively. which makes it Portable. – Easy to Use and an Interesting piece of Entertainment. – Sharing Facilities on Social Networking web sites. – new invention towards Karaoke because it is alone in its Own sort. |Weaknesses – duplicate of the merchandise – Piracy of Tracks which are released through KARAOKE – hazardous promotional Tactics. giving free paths ab initio for publicity where the Competitors don’t. – Heavy investing needed. | Opportunities – As it is Interesting for the Childs to utilize – support from music composers and record labels to advance the Merchandise – it is a free Application Software. which acts like a societal networking – immature coevalss involvement in music and doing music. |Threats – new clients exchanging to Similar Forthcoming merchandises. – people should afford to pass money for purchasing vocals and Karaoke Tracks. – monetary value / characteristic war with rivals – composers can officially let go of karaoke versions themselves. which would impact them the most once more | As the SWOT Analysis emcing the Competitors shows that KARAOKE offers a better trade and new interesting Elementss which would achieve success in market with the Younger coevalss Interest on it. Though it has its ain failings and menaces. by more offers and Ads and Development of the Product will assist the merchandise to stand up in the Market. KARAOKE is Unique in its ain sort as mentioned earlier and there is no similar merchandise this. though it has rivals. The viing web site are expensive and does non offer any New paths Usually which would do lose involvement among the Youngsters. who seek latest updates. even when few Web sites offer they are Illegal downloads with Poor Quality. KARAOKE would move as a Social Networking piece. which would affect the Younger coevals to pass Quality clip on it. this will give back the senses to the consumers where they get used to Buying vocals and Karaoke paths for minimum monetary value instead downloading it illicitly. The Strength of the Product lies in support from the Composers. Artist and the Record labels. as this is a new Innovation where people would wish to Invest and do money in return and this would pay the Royalty for the Artist and composer every bit good. By analysis the features of the rivals has been revealed where they are expensive and drawbacks in different signifiers. this would give back life to the karaoke involved Entertainment. 9. Customers The First set of Target Customers are the Younger Generation between the Age of 16 – 35 who are prone users of Social Networking like Facebook and chirrup. where the people who are interested in seeking new Merchandises. that makes them happy and Interactive. Thus KARAOKE would function as a medium for their Social interaction through karaoke paths and their vocalizing abilities. The following set of Target Customers will be from all age group who are Music lovers and who love to Sing. even if they are recreational vocalists. so this Merchandise will make justness to users from School pupils to working Professionals. This Merchandise will be good to the Aged people who are interested in singing supplications vocals and other spiritual vocals by themselves. Peoples From Different provinces of India would Buy and seek out Other Language paths in which they are Familiar and interested to prosecute. there are few Consumers who would cognize more than one linguistic communication and are interested in all linguistic communication vocals. this merchandise will assist to work out their demands. As there are Consumers from Different parts of India where each one has different involvement towards karaoke and Social Networking every bit good. this would assist to widen the market. As Peoples outside India are interested In Indian Songs and Indian Karaoke Tracks. they would even buy their likes from this Merchandise and this will assist in widening the market of the Product Internationally and Developing the Merchandise. India ranks 3rd in the usage of Social Networking Websites. There are 62 713 650 Facebook users as per the statistics record which has been taken late. where 48 % users are from the Age group 18 – 24 and 27 per centum users from the Age Group 25 – 34. which contains the bulk of more than 75 % below the age group of 35 which shows a figure around 47 035 238. Where most of the Childs will be Music lovers and interested in doing karaoke vocals Songs when something new is projected. even when merely 2 % of the people are interested from the age group 18 -35. there would be about 311 650 consumers for this merchandise. So this will be a certain figure where people will be interested in utilizing the Product which is Absolutely good for a new Merchandise during it launch. 10. Budget Initially the Business squad garlic necessitate a Time period of Six months for Developing the Software and Trouble hiting them. to do it perfect during the launch of the Product. it may take a month supernumerary for Fine tuning the merchandise for better Outcome. The Initial Investment for the First Six months including Software developing and assorted disbursals instead than Software Development will be ?12000 ( INR = 10. 68. 000 ) and ?4000 ( INR 3. 56. 000 ) severally. After finishing the Product and after rectifying the Products errors. the Product will be ready for it Launch. After the launch we need farther investings for Promotion and increasing figure of users. After the Launch. The fresher’s who are new to the Product will be Given a Free vocal of their ain pick. where it is approximately calculated with the figure of consumers estimated above. which would be about ?35 016 ( INR 31. 16. 500 ) where it is a whooping investing. after they invite Twenty more people to the Web and as they join the web application. the Invite would be Giver and extra free vocal where the figures are calculated at the upper limit and the maximal disbursal would be ?35 016 once more. The estimated Profit Margin will get down after One twelvemonth of the merchandise launch as it a new investing. where as if the Product is successful shortly and has many consumers. they get back the initial in Six Months clip. Ads for the Products will be ?3000 which can be compensated with the money the merchandise earns through Ads about films and music Album on the Official web page. As the Product gets households the advertizements gross for the Product will besides Increase. the estimation net income Margin on the sec on twelvemonth will be 30 % ensuing in a net net income of ?60. 000. 11. INITIAL INVESTMENT An estimated Initial Investment of ?16000 + ?73 032 in six month interval severally. a Sum of ?89032 will be needed for the Product. Which would include the Web development and Server direction cost including a amount of ?12000 and ?4000 for the Miscellaneous disbursals. this would cover all the disbursals including the labour charges and transit. Where ? 3000 from the whole Budget will be allocated for the Celebrity Advertisements and advertizements through other mediums. Free Ads of Facebook and chirrup would non incur any charges where they are reciprocally good. The projection is that at least 2 % of the entire societal Networking circle start utilizing the Product which will be about 311 650 consumers Using the Product. In the First Three Months 25 % from the merchandise consumers. which will hold 77912 consumers will purchase at least One vocal at a lower limit rate which would lend the gross at ? 8735. in the following Three months which Six months all together will hold 50 % of the consumer purchasing at least One vocal which would give another ? 8735. and the merchandise will be gaining through Ads of the web page which will lend a lower limit of ?3000 in the first six months which will bit by bit increase. Thus the Initial investing demands are explained. 12. Barriers Internal Barriers The Internal Barriers which could originate is. Effective investings from the Investors with Confidence to Bring up a Good Quality Product and the Time for Testing the Product and problem shot may take much clip as predicted to be. It could take Six to nine months for Marketing the Product through publicity and do the Product Familiar with the Consumers. This my be due to unanticipated Fortunes such as unwellness. occupation resettlement. etc. External Barriers Ageless Barriers would originate by the Lack of Potential Investors. who can get by up with the Development of the merchandise. Finding a Good Software development and waiter direction squad could besides be a barrier. Technical barriers like the velocity and effectivity of the merchandise in nomadic phones and Tablets could originate. Ads should make the consumers good before the merchandise is launched. Effective Competitors

What are the major threats to democracy in a modern society Essays

What are the major threats to democracy in a modern society Essays What are the major threats to democracy in a modern society Paper What are the major threats to democracy in a modern society Paper There are many threats to democracy in modern societies; these threats however, differ depending on the type of democracy implemented and the nature of the society, for example; the democracies of the developing world are confronted with different threats when compared to the threats faced by the democracies of the developed world. This paper will seek to provide an examination of the main adversities to democracies mainly in the developing world. To gain a general idea, it is necessary to look at the conditions conducive for democratization so that we can fully comprehend the many obstacles that modern societies are faced with. Democracy is not a natural order; this is stated by Pinkney in 1993. Throughout history most rulers were instilled without the consent of the citizens, such rulers were born into a monarchy or they were voted in by ruling elites. The factors that allowed for the establishment and maintenance of democracy in the west were different to those needed by the developing world; there are a few exceptions however. The west had already formulated a very stable economic and social structure, which are essential conditions for the development and advancement of long-term democracies. Based on this it is evident that in order for the world to flourish under a democratic type system there are several crucial requirements that are required to be met. 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We can see this in states that have conventionally had monarchs or upper class forced hierarchy ruling, such rulers are more prone to alter the political requirements of a democracy once the totalitarian regime has been lifted. From the arguments gathered above, it is easy to see the most prominent threats to democracy that are currently facing modern societies. The necessities needed to attain democratic rule portray how far some states are from acquiring and implementing a democratic status. It is evident that economic development is the main threat that is preventing many nations from adhering to the criteria necessary to implement and obtain democratic systems. The other factor that is hindering the advancement of democratic systems is the complex social structure of many developing nations due to the effects of colonization. The divisions and creation of isolated ethnic minorities caused by the colonization and decolonisation processes has made it extremely difficult for democracy to achieve fair and equal ruling that would be so beneficial for the many social groups within a society.

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Why Investors Invest In Hedge Funds Abstract Hedge funds have gained a lot of popularity in the last decade and are one of the fastest growing industries. The main aim of most hedge funds is to reduce volatility and risk. It also attempts to preserve capital and deliver positive returns under all market conditions. Not all hedge funds are same therefore it is important to know the difference between them. It differs in terms of its risks,  investment returns and volatility among the different hedge fund strategies. The strategies which are correlated to equity markets deliver consistent returns and have low risk while the ones that are not will be more volatile. Main objective of hedge funds is to provide consistency in its returns for investor, lower portfolio volatility and preserve their capital investments, which is the reason why investors such as pension funds, insurance companies, institutional investors and high net worth individuals and families invest in hedge funds. This thesis reviews various issues relating to the investment in hedge funds, which have become popular with high net-worth individuals and institutional investors, as well as discuss their empirical risk and return profiles. The concerns regarding the empirical measurements are highlighted, and meaningful analytical methods are proposed to provide greater risk transparency in performance reporting. It also discusses the development of the hedge fund industry in Asia. Asian hedge funds have grown vastly in past few years. It is said to have grown nearly six times as many funds while managing ten times are much in assets since 2000 according to Eurekahedge. The industry is estimated to consist over 1100 funds, and managing roughly $175 billion in assets. International managers are starting up their own Asia-focused funds too. Allocators are increasingly eyeing investment opportunities in Asia. Funds with a global mandate are increasing their allocation to Asia. The paper presents an overview of hedge funds, describing their development and characteristics. It also discussed the various issues related to the measurement of hedge fund performance, as well as examined alternative performance measures. This thesis ends with some remarks on the development of the hedge fund industry in Asia. 1. Introduction There has several definition of hedge funds throughout the history. There isnt one particular sentence that defines what hedge funds really means. However, according to Chicago Board Options Exchange (No Date), hedge funds can be defined as: A conservative strategy used to limit investment loss by effecting a transaction that offsets an existing position. Alfred Winslow Jones was the first person to create hedge fund structure more than 50 years ago. The fund established had following feature: He created hedges by investing in securities that was said to be undervalued and funded these positions by taking short positions in overvalued securities hence creating market-neutral position. He designed an incentive fee compensation arrangement for fund mangers. They were paid a percentage of profit from the clients capital assets; and He so invested his own investment capital in the fund, to make sure that his capital and that of his investors were coordinated and in line so that it is not just an individual investment but a partnership Almost all modern hedge funds have above listed features in them, and are set up as limited partnerships with a lucrative incentive-fee structure. In most hedge funds, managers also have a significant portion of their own capital invested in the partnerships. The term hedge fund has been generalized to describe investment strategies that range from the original market-neutral style of Jones to many other strategies and opportunistic situations, including global/macro investing. There is a large variety of hedge fund investing strategies present today and therefore no standard way to classify hedge funds separately. Many data vendors and fund advisors set up their own major hedge fund styles according to their popularity. Under the classification by Credit Suisse, the categories of hedge funds with 9 differentiated styles and a fund-of-funds category: (a) Event driven funds are the funds that take positions on corporate events when companies are undergoing re-structuring or mergers. For example, fund managers would purchase bank debt or high yield corporate bonds of companies undergoing the re-organization which is often referred to as distressed securities. Another event-driven strategy is merger arbitrage where the funds seize the opportunity to invest just after a takeover has been announced. They purchase the shares of the target companies and then short these shares of the acquiring companies. (b) Global funds are categories of funds that invest in non-US stocks and bonds with no specific strategy reference. This fund has the largest number of hedge funds and it includes funds that specialize on the emerging markets. (c) Global/Macro funds are the funds that rely on macroeconomic analysis and invest in long and short position in order to capitalise on major risk factors and unforeseen markets such as currencies, interest rates, stock indices and commodities. (d) Market neutral funds refer to hedge fund strategy that involves utilizing strategies such as long-short equity, stock index arbitrage, convertible bond arbitrage and fixed income arbitrage. Long-short equity funds use the strategy of Jones by taking long positions in selective stocks and going short on other stocks to limit their exposure to the stock market. Stock index arbitrage funds trade on the spread between index futures contracts and the underlying basket of equities. (e) Dedicated Short Bias  funds are strategies that take more short positions than long positions and earn returns by maintaining net short exposure in long and short equities. Detailed individual company research typically forms the core alpha generation driver of dedicated short bias managers, and a focus on companies with weak cash flow generation is common. To affect the short sale, the manager borrows the stock from a counter-party and sells it in the market. Short positions are sometimes implemented by selling forward. Risk management consists of offsetting long positions and stop-loss strategies. (f) Convertible bond arbitrage funds typically capitalize on the embedded option in these bonds by purchasing them and shorting the equities. (g) Fixed income arbitrage is a strategy that bets on the convergence of prices of bonds from the same issuer but with different maturities over time. This is the second largest grouping of hedge funds after the Global category. (h) Short/long fund-, shorts focus on engineering short positions in stocks with or without matching long positions. They play on markets that have raised too fast and on mean reversion strategies. Long funds take long equity positions with leverage. Emerging market funds that do not have short-selling opportunities also fall under this category. (i) Emerging Markets  funds invest in currencies, debt instruments, equities and other instruments of countries with emerging or developing markets (typically measured by GDP per capita). Such countries are considered to be in a transitional phase between developing and developed status. Examples of emerging markets include China, India, Latin America, much of Southeast Asia, parts of Eastern Europe, and parts of Africa. There are a number of sub-sectors, including arbitrage, credit and event driven, fixed income bias, and equity bias. (j) Fund of funds refer to funds that invests in a pool of hedge funds. They specialize in identifying fund managers with good performance and rely on their good industry relationships to gain entry into hedge funds with good track records. Table 1 gives statistics about the various categories of hedge funds and past performance. The global/macro hedge funds provided the best mean return over the period studied, while the event-driven funds had the lowest standard deviation of returns. On a risk adjusted basis which is obtained by dividing the mean return by the standard deviation, the category of fund that ranks highest is the global/macro funds followed closely by event-driven funds. Hedge funds are not required to publicly disclose performance and holdings information unlike the registered insurance companies, which might be construed as solicitation materials. This is the reason why which makes it more difficult for investors to evaluate hedge fund managers. TABLE 1 Jan 2000   Nov 2009 Categories Mean Return (%) Standard Deviation (%) Risk-Adjusted Return Event driven 8.66 5.44 1.60 Global 6.60 6.23 1.06 Global / Macro 12.28 6.07 2.02 Market neutral 2.09 13.48 0.16 Short/Long 5.50 8.88 0.62 Emerging Market 9.23 11.05 0.84 Convertible Arbitrage 6.98 8.34 0.84 Dedicated Short Bias (1.95) 16.40 (0.12) Fixed Income Arbitrage 3.66 6.81 0.54 Source: Credit Suisse/ Tremont hedge index Notes: The mean returns are annually compounded returns over the period 2000 to November 2009, The annualized standard deviations were computed from of the standard deviation of monthly returns for each investment style. Risk-adjusted returns are obtained by dividing the mean return by the standard deviation. In 1990 the entire hedge fund industry was estimated at $20 billion. At the end of 2008, global hedge fund industry was estimated to be worth $1 trillion with 8350 active funds. It has gained a lot of popularity in the last decade and is one of the fastest growing industries. While hedge funds are well established in US and Europe, they have also been growing rapidly in Asia. Hedge funds have posted attractive returns. A seven year annualised return of 2.47% posted by Hedge Fund Research (HFR) from 2003 to 2009, higher than the SP 1200 of 1.18%. Hedge funds are seen as natural hedge to control downside risk because they employ investment strategies believed to generate returns that are uncorrelated to traditional asset classes. Hedge funds differ in strategies- a macro fund such as quantum fund generally take a directional view by betting in particular bond market or a currency movement. Other funds specialise in corporate events such as mergers or bankruptcies. They also vary widely in investment strategies and the amount of financial leverage. In the recent financial crisis, hedge funds have been heavily criticised in terms of their strategies and also for the fact that in 2008, they have had hard time fulfilling their absolute return targets. There have been other criticisms towards hedge fund regarding this particular crisis. Stromqvist (2009) writes that ever since the growth of hedge fund industry there has always been discussions regarding the role of hedge funds in a financial crisis. The main focus of the criticism was on highly leveraged hedge funds and that they may have a large impact on price stability on both currencies and equities. In an article written in The Times, Dillow (2008) observes that even though average return of hedge funds in 2008 has been poor, they have not been a serious source of instability in the wider financial system. Regardless of the recent financial crisis, hedge funds still generate a growing number of interests all around the world. Due to their private nature, it is difficult to obtain information about the operations of individual hedge funds and reliable summary statistics about the industry as a whole. It is a common belief that investing in hedge funds can have superior returns. Many success stories have emerged in the past and the most popular of which is the George Soros story. In September of 1992, he risked $10 billion on a single  currency  speculation when he shorted the British pound, which gave him an international fame. He was right, and in a single day he successfully generated a profit of $1 billion â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ultimately, it was reported that his profit on the transaction almost reached $2 billion. Therefore, he is famously known as the the man who broke the  Bank of England. The greates investor: George Soros, http://www.investopedia.com/university/greatest/georgesoros.asp 16-12-09 As seen in Table 1, the hedge funds as a group can generate positive returns. For example, over the period 1990-1997, all the hedge funds had positive absolute returns. Global/Macro funds obtained mean returns of 28.1% p.a. with a standard deviation that is comparable to equity funds. Traditional asset allocation makes the most of the use of equities, bonds, real estate and private equity to invest in a portfolio that maximizes returns and minimizes the portfolio risk. Therefore, in an investment portfolio hedge funds can play a vital role in maximising returns. Moreover, in a bear market, many investment and fund mangers find it dull to just beat the market index, which may have negative returns. They generally prefer to go short or avoid long positions to have positive returns. Choosing an appropriate hedge fund to invest increases the possibility of obtaining positive absolute returns. It is also generally believed that hedge funds have returns that are generally uncorrelated with the traditional asset classes. In fact, hedge funds may even have a lower risk profile. For example, Morgan Stanley Dean Witter (2000) reported that hedge funds exhibit a low correlation with traditional asset classes, suggesting that hedge funds should play an important role in strategic asset allocation. The answer to the question Why invest in Hedge funds? simply is to make money. The common analogy in all hedge funds strategies and the underlying rationale for investing in hedge funds is the search for absolute returns. This is sometimes called alpha. Alpha is the extra return a skilled manager can produce over and above the market return (or beta). Whereas many conventional fund managers aim simply to outperform their chosen benchmark index, hedge fund managers seek to produce positive gains in all market conditions. http://www.fleetstreetinvest.co.uk/shares/trend-investing/hedge-fund-investing-00128.html Research Question By using quantitative study, I will try to answer the following questions: Why investors invest in hedge funds? To answer this question I will be looking at the return, risk and performance associated with investing in hedge fund and how the fund mangers. By looking at the annualised return, standard deviation and risk adjusted returns of different styles of hedge funds their performance can be measured. What are the issues relating the investment in terms of risk, return and performance measurement? Although hedge funds are popular in terms of an investment vehicle, there are various issues. The issues related are its cost/ management fee structures, collection of data, survivorship bias and selection bias. Various performance measure techniques are available for hedge funds too. I will be looking at some of the performance measurement approaches. Purpose There are several purpose for this paper. First is to give an overview of hedge fund as an investment vehicle with a short description of different characteristics and styles of hedge funds. Second is to describe why hedge funds are attractive for investors and fund managers by presenting different theories where risk and returns of hedge funds are investigated in order to evaluate the performance measures. Third purpose is to investigate the issues related to the investment in hedge funds where several sets of issues are evaluated and various performance measures are identified. LITERATURE REVIEW There is no one particular definition of hedge fund as mentioned earlier. According to the Investment Company Act 1940 of the US, hedge funds were defined by their low degree of regulatory controls. In comparison to mutual funds, hedge funds were seen to have higher level of risk. This led to a 100-investor limit as well as wealth requirement of the investors. Fung and Hsieh (1999) claim that another reason for 100-investor limit is the use of leverage and short selling in hedge funds. The limit restrictions were later abandoned and wealth requirement lowered. Many definitions of hedge funds have been cited-most of them mainly based on its characteristics. Some of them are: Investment companies that by their charter can buy on margin, sell short, hold warrants, convertible securities and commodities and otherwise engage in aggressive trading tactics in order to profit from forcasting market swings.- Polhman, Ang and Hollinger (1978) A mutual fund that employs leverage and uses various techniques of hedging- Soros (1987) hedge funds are vehicles that allow private investors to pool assets to be invested by a fund manager. Unlike mutual funds, hedge funds are commonly structured as private partnerships and thus subject to only minimal SEC regulation. Moreover, because hedge funds are only lightly regulated their managers can pursue investment strategies involving, for example, heavy use if derivatives, short sales and leverage.- Bodie, Kane and Marcus (2008). Murguia and Umemoto (2004) claims that the reason why there is no proper definition of hegdge funds is because they are not classified by the different asset classes but by the type of strategies employed by the fund mangers is what classifies them. Such strategies range from very aggressive to conservative, which is the reason why there is no clear definition. Several studies have been carried out about hedge funds performance and risk issues. Fung and Hsieh (1997a) extend Sharpe (1992) style analysis and conclude that there are more diversified hedge fund strategies and suggested that hedge fund strategies are more dynamic. The literatures also conclude that option-based factors can enhance the power of explaining hedge fund returns. Brown, Goetzmann and Ibbotson (1999) examine the performance of offshore hedge funds and attribute fund performance to style effects rather than managerial skills. Brown, Goetzmann and Liang (2003) found, in a study using the TASS database, that fund of hedge funds reduce by a third the standard deviation of monthly hedge fund returns, as well as significantly reduce the value at risk of hedge fund investment. Hence, fund of hedge funds can also provide significant diversification potential. A well-diversified fund of hedge fund manager can therefore take advantage of market-specific risks while maintaining low correlations to stock, bond, and currency markets. As a result of which the fund of hedge fund manager can provide superior returns and generate alpha which reflects managerial skills. More generally, since fund of hedge funds deliver more consistent returns with lower volatility than individual hedge funds, they are considered to be ideal for diversifying traditional portfolios. During 1993â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2001, fund of hedge funds outperformed the SP 500 index on a risk-adjusted basis (Gregoriou, 2003a). Koh, Koh, Lee and Phoon(2004) state that traditional asset allocation optimizes the use of equities, bonds, real estate and private equity to invest in a portfolio that maximizes returns and minimizes the portfolio risk. Thus, hedge funds become vital in enhancing returns in an investment portfolio. Following the growth in hedge fund industry, fund-of-hedge funds (FOF) have become more and more popular. Liang (2003) states that FOF mixes various strategies and asset classes together and creates more stable long-term investment returns than any of the individual funds. It invests in underlying hedge funds and diversifies the fund specific risks and relieves burdens on investor to select and monitor managers, and providing asset allocation in dynamic market environments. Fund-of-funds require less initial investment as compare to hedge funds and therefore are more affordable for small investors. To participate in the investment, small investors may be willing to pay extra fees as it might be the only way for them. Previous studies in this area by Brown, Goetzmann and Liang (2002) conclude that combining hedge funds with fund-of-funds not only causes the double counting but also hides the difference in fee structures between hedge funds and fund-of-funds. Liang (2003) state that a hedge funds charges a management fee and incentive fee while a fund-of-funds not only charges these fees at a fund-of-fund level but also passes hedge fund level fees in the form of after fee returns to the fund-of-fund investors whether or not the fund-of-funds make a profit. Brown, Goetzmann and Liang (2002) examine this issue and propose an alternative fee which provide a better incentive for fund-of-fund managers and reduce the cost for investors under the current fee structure, which is that the fund-of-fund managers absorb the underlying hedge fund fees and establish their own incentive fees at the fund-of-fund level. Liang (2003) conclude that because of the above issues fund-of-funds need to be separated from hedge funds in academic studies and address the difference in performance, risk and fee structures. However, the FOF mangers can add value to the portfolio through selection, construction and continuous monitoring of the portfolio. They provide professional services and have access to the information that are expensive and difficult to obtain otherwise. The FOF mangers quite often use different investment strategies and styles through a diversified portfolio of individual fund managers. Considering these advantages for an investor, investing in fund of hedge funds is not cheap. The cost can be as high as the cost of buying a building, according to Koh, Koh, Lee and Phoon (2004). This structure allows for more diversified portfolio and much reduced risk at the fund level which comes at a price. More diversified the portfolio is it is more likely that it will incur more incentive fees. Therefore, there are many persuasive reasons why investing in hedge funds are considered as alternative investments. Some uninformed investors may be misled about the risks and returns on hedge funds as it relies heavily on statistical compilation from the database vendors which is filled with data bias such as survivorship bias and selection bias. Fung and Hsieh (2001a) found that estimates of survivorship biases differed across two commonly used databases, HFR and TASS. The survivorship bias was much higher in TASS than that in HFR. They estimated that survivorship bias would over-report hedge fund mean returns by about 1.5% to 3% per annum. Brooks and Kat (2001) stated that around 30% of newly established funds do not survive the first three years, primarily due to poor performance. Thus, not including defunct funds is likely to lead to over-estimation of the returns and profile of hedge fund industry.

A Pragmatic Approach for Comparative Analysis of Linear and Rotary Generators :: Essays Papers

A Pragmatic Approach for Comparative Analysis of Linear and Rotary Generators ABSTRACT This paper identifies the need for consolidating analysis techniques for the purpose of designing linear electrical generation systems. Additionally, it identifies a need for concise system development tools that help designers make practical comparisons between linear and rotary machines. INTRODUCTION The basic principles for converting mechanical energy to electrical energy have been known for over a century. It would seem that after this much time, advancements in electrical generation should have reached their limits; however, up to the late 1980’s and early 90’s the use of linear generators for the generation of electricity has not been seriously considered [1] [4]. Linear generators and motors are classified as linear motion electromagnetic systems (LMESs) [1]. LMESs that are used as electric generators function by directly utilizing the translational (back and forth or up and down) thrust from mechanical systems to generate electricity as opposed to the more conventional generation approach of rotational mechanical energy conversion. For an engineer to determine the feasibility of using a linear electric generator in a system’s design many comparisons between rotary and linear machines must be made. Several points to consider when making this comparison include: practicality of using linear power generation for that particular system, cost to build and design, total system efficiency, role of modern day power electronics, type of driving force (linear or rotational) applied to the generator system, system power factor, force density and force ripple on the drive components, cost to maintain, and the system’s reliability. The relative weights of these considerations will vary from one system to the next. The motivation behind this question was the decision on whether to use a linear or rotary generator on a buoy driven, ocean wave electrical generator project [6]. During this decision process, many opinions and assumptions between these competing systems were made, but finding hard data that compa red the two methods was not readily available. Taking the time to thoroughly evaluate the electrical and mechanical technical aspects of this choice (rotary vs. linear) conflicted with the tight scheduling requirements of the project. This situation forced the team to make a best approximation based on limited experience instead of a deliberate and thoroughly evaluated approach. WHY LINEAR GENERATORS ARE USED Electrical energy generation is being expanded by creative innovation, and linear generators are a large part of this trend.

Golden Ratio

Golden ratio ; The Definition of Beauty â€Å"Geometry has two great treasures: one is the Theorem of Pythagoras; the other, the division of a line into extreme and mean ratio. The first we may compare to a measure of gold; the second we may name a precious jewel. †Ã‚   Johannes Kepler, 1571-1630 The golden ratio is present in everyday Life. The golden proportion is the ratio of the shorter length to the longer length which equals the ratio of the longer length to the sum of both lengths. It can be expressed algebraicay like : This ratio has always been considered most pleasing to the eye.It was named the golden ratio by the Greeks. In the world of mathematics, the numeric value is called â€Å"phi†, named for the Greek sculptor Phidias. The Golden Ratio is also known as the golden section, golden mean or golden rectangle. The Golden Rectangle has the property that when a square is removed a smaller rectangle of the same shape remains, a smaller square can be removed an d so on, resulting in a spiral pattern. It is a unique and important shape in mathematics which also appears in nature, music, and is often used in art and architecture. Our human eye „seesâ€Å" the golden rectangle as a beautiful geometric form.Leonardo Fibonacci discovered the unusual properties of the numeric series, that’s how it was named. It is not proven that Fibonacci even noticed the connection between the Golden Ratio meaning and Phi. The Renaissance used the Golden Mean and Phi in their sculptures and paintings to achieve vast amounts balance and beauty. Throughout the centuries, artists have used the golden ratio in their own creations. An example is â€Å"post† by Picasso. The Golden Ratio also appears in the Parthenon in Athens. It was built about 440 B. C. ; it forms a perfect Golden Rectangle. Another example of the Golden Ratio is shown in Egyption Pyramids.Ancient Egyptions used the Golden Ratio to build their pyramids. The pyramids show one o f the first examples of using the golden ratio in architecture. The Golden Ratio was used to build these wonders of the world back in around 2500 B. C. In India, the Golden Mean was used in the construction of the Taj Mahal, which was completed in 1648. After writing this essay an interesting result has occurred. Now I see the examples of the Golden Ratio everywhere. It is like my eyes were opened whole time but didnt take any attention about those detais. And I'm glad because it changed.